NAD⁺ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a ubiquitous dinucleotide coenzyme that participates in redox chemistry by cycling between oxidized (NAD⁺) and reduced (NADH) states. In experimental systems, this electron transfer role supports studies of glycolysis, mitochondrial respiration, and broader metabolic flux. NAD⁺ is also a substrate for NAD consuming enzymes such as sirtuins and poly(ADP ribose) polymerases (PARPs), which are frequently studied for their roles in transcriptional regulation and DNA damage response signaling in vitro.
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